Criminal Law (Advise Katarina, Paula, and Jenny as to their potential Essay

Criminal Law (Advise Katarina, Paula, and Jenny as to their potential liability for homicide) - Essay Example There are three ways of commissioning homicide a) killing with motive where one may have the chance of partial defence b) gross negligent conduct causing death and c) dangerous harm that culminates to death (Ashworth 2006). In scenario â€Å"a† referred to as above, is a "voluntary manslaughter". The remaining attempts fall within the ambit of â€Å"involuntary manslaughter†. Mens Rea The intention of crime falls within the definition of Mens rea that deals with the state of mind of a defendant at the time of committing a crime to determine criminal liability. In order to fix the responsibility of crimes of a defendant, mens rea at the time of committing crimes is essential under the criminal act. In other words, motives refer to the reason that compelled the defendant to commit criminal act. Take the examples of Fred and Wilma whose matrimonial relationship last for about twenty years. Later on, Fred began to suspect that his wife was having sexual affairs with Barney, which made him enraged. He bought gun and shot her to death. The case under reference indicates criminal act of Wilma and the intent of Fred to kill her. The motive was very clear (Ormerod 2011). It is to be noted that only motive is not enough to attack a criminal. Other supportive evidences are also required to establish a case against the defendant. Contrary to that, public prosecutor proves that the motive of the defendant was to kill. Therefore, it is not necessary to prove criminal liability.... ves the motive and not the mens rea, there is a strong chance that the defendant must be acquitted by the competent court of law, no matter how bad is the intention. Further if a public prosecutor proves the mens rea with the actus reus, the defendant will not escape from conviction, no matter how noble his motive is (Ormerod 2011). In this respect you may please refer to the cases of Hyam vs DPP (1975), R v Ried (1992), State v. Asher (Ark. 1888). Actus Reus The other way round, actus reus  in accordance with the broader definition of criminal law  comprises all ingredients of a crime other than the state of mind of a criminal.  In a nutshell,  actus reus  may have the following components a)  conduct b) outcome c) state of affairs and d) omission (Loveless 2012). Here we may refer to the cases of R v Miller (1982), R v Adams [1957], Devlin J, Armstrong, R v [1989] Owen J and Cox, R v  (1992) Winchester Crown Court, Ognall J. Coincidence of Actus Reus and Mens Rea A th orough study of Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine (2010) of Simester and R. Sullivan revealed that according to general rule, the actus reus and mens rea of a crime may have coincidence in terms of behavioural and circumstantial elements with regard to actus reus, which occur at the same time thus satisfying the requirements of mens rea (Simester et al 2010). Potential Liability Holder We have analyzed the whole situation on the mentioned parameters of homicide, which makes Katarina, responsible for the murder of Victor. Her motive for murdering her married boyfriend speaks of â€Å"jealous personality syndrome†. Because said boyfriend refused to spend the night with her since he selected another girlfriend Audrey for having a sexual pleasure in the night. Katrina felt insulted and made up her mind to

Class 6340 week 6 discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Class 6340 week 6 discussion - Assignment Example With an increase in the number of nurses with doctorate degrees, the quality of healthcare will improve immensely as they will not only offer more specialized treatment but also implement the nursing care and strategies that has been researched by the nurses with Masters and PhDs. My passion is to interact one on one with the patients and offer direct highly specialized treatment to them. This requires high educational level of expertise in various diseases and this I can get through obtaining a DNP and moving to be a specialist in any nursing location that is related to patient care. Other than that, I will be independent when offering the clinical services which provide more experience and freedom (Billings and Halstead, 2012). An increase in clinical experts other than all crowding into research field is a way to directly improve quality of the healthcare system and also prevent deaths of patients whose diagnosis requires a more knowledgeable nurse than a registered nurse. Having more DNPs who are independent brings about more creativity and room for brainstorming of new treatment plan for the patients. The negative effect of encouraging people to become DNPs is the market flooding with experts than the number of patients requiring such technical expertise. This therefore in the end will lead to redundancy and the quality of healthcare will reduce again in the end (Institute of Medicine, 2010). In order to bring optimal results, AACN needs to regulate the number of schools offering the DNP program and hence limiting the number of students that will graduate as DNPs and hence preventing an overflow in the market and too many independent nurses. Institute of Medicine. (October 2010). The Future of Nursing Leading Change, Advancing Health. Retrieved from:

Marketing Nike Essay Example for Free

Marketing Nike Essay Growing up there was one brand that all professional athletes used in my eyes, Nike. The Swoosh, was the icon that all kids had to have, and why not? All the big time players not only had it, but endorsed it. Ads, which had Michael â€Å"Air† Jordan, Bo Jackson, or Wayne Gretsky â€Å"The Great One† doing amazing physical feats, always, motivated the crowds. The Nike company new this, and blasted it marketing campaign through all sorts of media. In this essay I will break down this multi-billion dollar company’s marketing techniques in the areas of: customer value, promotional items, marketing’s four p’s of the marketing mix, the segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP) approach to market the product, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), environmental trends, the largest customer base, its competitors, and ethical marketing for this corporation both stateside and overseas. Putting these athletes in the ads is just one way to build value for a company. From Ashford universities â€Å"Principle of Marketing† by â€Å"Sara White† We are introduced to marketing with the definition of marketing as â€Å"an activity designed to stimulate exchanges that have value for customers, partners, and society at large†. With this definition of marketing intact the question that still is out pondering is what is value? â€Å"Value was defined as the perceived trade-off between benefits and the sacrifice required to take possession of those benefits†. To break it down further we will look at customer value. Customer value is a title for the cost of a particular trade for the purchaser (buyer) instead of the company (seller). Looking into a selling Nike abroad, whatever a customer may pay in the United States may not be the same overseas. The first thing is to look at is how the current client group influences the market in the states. Nike had a humble start with creators Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight trying to improve on the track shoe of the day. The former â€Å"Blue Ribbon Sports Company† now known as Nike wanted to increase value into their product by having athletes endorses it. So they found the person that they thought would be the best at building future customer value, Steve Prefontaine. During his college time he never lost a race on his home track, and was exposed to national notoriety with is fourth place finish in Munich. This was one of their first successes in marketing. As popularity for their product rose the selected new sports models to display the shoes on the track. This really kicked of the sale of the shoes. Seeing how this success worked at their home setting, taking it to other countries should be no problem. Paving the way with athletes that had above average ability in their field was how Nike struck the marketing campaigned. Finding someone in another country that could spark the same influence over the masses would keep thing on track for Customer value overseas. This would all depend on what country we planned on taken our product to. The last thing that we are going to look at with customer value is the four utilities of customer value. The four utilities are: Form, Time, Place, and Ease of Possession. The form in the four utilities shows what effort Nike puts into their product that makes it desirable. Part of this desire is the quality and showmanship they place in every item. The other part is who they put in their invention. This was very clear in the mid-80 when Nike was the company that took on NBA rookie Michael Jordan, to represent their company’s goals. Being one of the leaders of in business, time is important. Nike put their product out when they need to. They also change it enough to keep things fresh. Time also goes along with place. Not only does the timing of releasing product play a huge role, the place does as well. Lastly, ease of possession is just that, how easy will it be to get the product. Included in this is can I get my item fixed or replaced easily also. With internet available in almost everyone’s pocket from smartphones to tablets getting Nike’s items have become very accessible. With ease of possession we have to look at what trends are working or not, so that we may fix them. Understanding these four utilities just scratches the surface of what we need to know. To be more in-depth with a strategy we must look at the targeting and market mix portion of promoting. In order to utilize the four utilities properly we must look at the STP approach of marketing. This Approach involves segmentation, targeting, and positioning looks at what a byer values. â€Å"Segmentation can be defined as the process of splitting a market into smaller groups with similar product needs or identifiable characteristics, for the purpose of selecting appropriate target markets. Targeting (or target market selection) refers to: An organization’s proactive selection of a suitable market segment (or segments) with the intention of heavily focusing the firm’s marketing offers and activities towards this group of related consumers. And positioning (which is sometimes referred to as product positioning) is: Positioning is the target market’s perception of the product’s key benefits and features, relative to the offerings of competitive products. † With the number of competitors only the rise it is important for an organization to forecast what the consumers buying trends are. Nike, although one of the largest establishments in their field, they still are not untouchable. They have to stay a success by continually improving on the products. Nike leads the way with new technology that innovate all sports. In the late 80’s the introduction of Nike air did this well. Again they launched a promotional campaign that introduced a series of ads by Bo Jackson one of the top athletes at the time. They saw the future of what their clients wanted, Air. It was the first shoe out on the market with air in the sole. Following the marketing targeting set at this point propelled them ahead of their competitors. To stay ahead of the game the implementation of the four P’s is the next tool to evolve business plan. The four P’s that come from the widely used â€Å"marketing mix† developed in the 60’s includes production, price, place and promotion. â€Å"Product: The combination of tangible goods, services, and beliefs offered at a specific price. † To stay on the breaking edge of athletic gear with rivals on your heels they have to produce a â€Å"product† that reaches the masses. The creations did just that, they made it tangible for all with a specific price. â€Å"Price: The amount of money or other consideration a customer must exchange for the offering. † Nikes merchandise because it was ahead of others cost a little more. At the same time they could justify their cost due to the fact the merchandise operated better than anyone else’s. â€Å"Place: The strategy by which a company gets the right goods in the right quantity to the right place. † Because Phil and Bill both had roots on the west coast mainly Oregon, this is where the perfect place to offer the product out of was. Now, a global sensation you can get it from any corner of the world. â€Å"Promotion: The advertising and selling activity a company undertakes to create demand for the offering . † The only real way to endorse this type of product is to show the benefits in different people that use it. This not only sums up the four P’s but gives examples of how it applies to this enterprise. While putting all of these aspects together there has to be a way to track certain trends to be more productive. This can be done by customer relationship management or CRM system. CRM is a good tool to utilize once your product has hit the market. This system tracks the companies’ relationship with the purchaser. The data collected will be from sale and overall marketing . Some items that might be pulled from this information are demographics of the individual buying an item. This is so important to direct and promote ads to those that will actually be utilizing them. When I got my first pair of Nike shoes I was stoked. They were everything that I wanted and more. I was fast to show them to my friends. At that point I would have done anything that Nike asked me to (I was a typical kid). Inside the box was a card and at the time I did not understand what it for. It had questions on it like race, age, sports that I played in at school level†¦etc. This was there way of finding out who is buying their goods. Some places will add in rewards or freebies to get their customer feedback. This information can also give feedback on when to promote certain items so that there will be a larger return. Now that all the information is being tracked and fixed, we can now see how it does abroad. In the 90’s Nike wanted to figure out how to reach an even larger fan base. Soccer was the ticket to gain that popularity not only in one country but almost every country in the world. At the point of taking production to another country the process of building customer value and marketing kind of starts over. Knowing this Nike took players from the World Cup-winning Brazilian National team. They redesigned the uniforms and pulled in some US teams as well . This organization could go a little farther by endorsing other sports as well. One of the most important things about going into other countries with this appeal line is to see what effects it has on the area. From â€Å"Principles of Marketing† by â€Å"White† there are a couple of things that affect the marketing environment. The acts that affect the environment are actors and forces . They both exist in two different categories Micro environment and Macro environment. In Micro-environment actors are individuals like: stockholders, board members, competitors, public, and customers . In this category there are also forces which include: Strategic moves by, competitors, Channel partners, Changes in consumer behavior . Macro- environment deals actors with leaders in Culture/society, Politic, Economics, Technology development, Finance and Law . Forces in Macro-environment are; globalization, Technology and media . Let’s see how this looks with Nike. If Nike is to be a success in other countries they have to know how they are going to affect the environment where they go. They also need to know how other countries can affect them. An example of this would be in the Middle East females are not treated as equals. Therefore it would not be a good idea to start up only female sporting lines there. Another example of how they could be affected by the environment is the culture is different that the US, some countries that would use their product cannot afford American prices. This would cause a new marketing scheme. A good place to start is checking the CRM to see what trends these cultures prefer. So currently who is Nike’s biggest byer? Nike hits such a wide range of sports, from their start in track, to sponsoring golfer Eldrick â€Å"Tiger† Woods. Almost every sport today has some kind of influence from Nike. The largest in today’s market is probably the NFL. The National football league has just signed up Nike to create some new gear for this 2012 – 2013 season. The great thing about Nike is it now has sister labels that produce more than just athletic products. â€Å"A significant event in Cole Haan’s timelines happened in 1988 when Nike acquired Cole Haan . Thence, international flagship stores and more outlets opened making the reach to influence the use of quality and fashionable footwear become broader and wider . † â€Å"Then the technology of Nike Air was incorporated in the design of women’s shoes which made a mark on Cole Haan’s emphasis on providing comfort and protection not only for men but also for women. This was the first at that time and the demand for Cole Haan shoes continued to rise . † Nike seems to be unstoppable but they are only a small percentage of the market. There are so many different shoe companies out there today. If an individual can get it in the States they can get overseas via the internet. A few brands that compete with Nike are: Reebok, Adidas, Asics, and New balance. But they are not close to the company that distributes to over 170 countries. Unfortunately although Nike from the stand point of business is a great company they have a dark side also. Ethics is gaining power in the business world. People are tired of seeing cooperation’s destroy morale of the world and marketing is no different. There is a responsibility to the public to give honest communications and things that are not going further corrupt children mind. A lot of marketers will play to children’s weaknesses. Rebecca Clay wrote an article on advertising to children. The article goes on to explain that children’s psyches are not to the level to decipher fact from fiction. This weakness is exploded and ads well over load kids with ideas of toys and games that they do not need nor should they have. One case of unethical marketing goes deeper than what we can see. It was what was going on behind the curtains. According to† Mail Online† that put out an article on Nike, about the treatment in the converse factory . They continue on to say that the employees are under paid, making around 50 cents an hour. Terminology such as; dog or pig from supervisors are thrown around in a derogatory way. This is a decade after Nike came under fire for their child labor seat shops in Indonesia. Should something be done to this marketing tycoon? Some kind of apology should come to the public not only in America but to the world. This is part of their obligation to the society has a whole. As kids we can be drawn into many different that catch our attention. Mine, like many juveniles was following the dream of growing up to become a professional athlete. It was the lifestyle at the time that seemed effort less. Nike open my eyes to this more than probably any other brand. The slogan† Just do It† was what I needed to pursue my goals. For a while it felt as though they were not just talking about sports but life who knows maybe they are. Whatever it may be there marketing plan from the start of the back of a trunk; to multibillion dollar cooperation is one of the best. Going through the marketing world with Nike we covered the following: customer value, promotional items, marketing’s four p’s of the marketing mix, the segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP) approach to market the product, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), environmental trends, the largest customer base, its competitors, and ethical marketing for this corporation both stateside and overseas. References: (n. d. ). Clay, R. A. (2000, September). Advertising to children is it ehtical. Retrieved Jan 11, 2013, from American Phychological Association: http://www. apa. org/monitor/sep00/advertising. aspx Fripp, G. (2012). .segmentationstudyguide. Retrieved Jan 14, 2013, from www. segmentationstudyguide. com Reporter, D. M. (2011, July 13). Mail Online. Retrieved Jan 13, 2013, from daily mail: http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2014325/Nike-workers-kicked-slapped-verbally-abused-factories-making-Converse-line-Indonesia. html uknown. (2011). History Heritage . Retrieved 01 10, 2013, from Nike, inc : http://nikeinc. com/pages/history-heritage unknown. (2013). A History of Cole Haan. Retrieved jan 13, 2013, from Shoe metro delivering sole satisfaction: http://www. shoemetro. com/t-history-of-cole-haan. aspx unknown. (2013, jan 13). Forbes: profile and News. Retrieved Jan 2013, 2013, from Forbes. com: http://www. forbes. com/companies/nike/ White, S. (2012). Principles of Marketing. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education,inc.

Applications of Prisms and Math :: Mathematics

Missing Figures Prisms and their Applications Introduction A prism is one or several blocks of glass, through which light passes and refracts and reflects off its straight surfaces. Prisms are used in two fundamentally different ways. One is changing the orientation, location, etc. of an image or its parts, and another is dispersing light as in a refractometers and spectrographic equipment. This project will only deal with the first use. Consider an image projected onto a screen with parallel rays of light, as opposed to an image formed by the same rays that are passed through a cubic prism (assume that the amount of light that is reflected is negligible). The rays that pass through the prism will not be refracted since the angle of refraction = sin-1(sin(0)/n) = 0, or reflected, so the images will be exactly the same. More generally, if the rays enter and leave a prism at right angles (Assuming the rays only travels through one medium while passing through the prism), the only effect on the image will be the reflection of the rays off of its surfaces. Since the law of reflection I= -I’ (Angle of incidence equals the negative of the angle of reflection) is not effected by the medium, the effect of the prism will be same as that of reflective surfaces or mirrors placed in the same location as the reflective surfaces of the prism. It follows that to understand prisms it is important to understand how mirrors can be used to change the direction of rays. Mirror Location Problem 1: Consider the following example: A horizontal ray is required to undergo a 45Â º-angle change and this has to be achieved using a mirror. We need to find how the mirror should be oriented to achieve the desired change of angle. Solution: Recall the Snell’s law which deals with refraction: sinI0 /n0 = sinI1/n1 if we define the incoming and outgoing rays ray and the normal of the refractive surface as vectors and using a property of the cross-product we can say the following Q0xM1 = |Q0||M1| sinI0 = sinI0 and also Q1xM1 = |Q1||M1| sinI1 = sinI1 thus N0 (Q0xM1)= n1 (Q1xM1) If we introduce two new vectors S0 and S1 and let them equal n0 Q0 and n1Q1 respectively we will get S0x M1 = S1xM1 or (S1-S0)xM1 = 0 this implies that (S1-S0) are parallel or anti-parallel, which means that we can define a new variable Γ which is called the astigmatic constant with S1 – S0 = ΓM1 How is useful for solving our problem? Applications of Prisms and Math :: Mathematics Missing Figures Prisms and their Applications Introduction A prism is one or several blocks of glass, through which light passes and refracts and reflects off its straight surfaces. Prisms are used in two fundamentally different ways. One is changing the orientation, location, etc. of an image or its parts, and another is dispersing light as in a refractometers and spectrographic equipment. This project will only deal with the first use. Consider an image projected onto a screen with parallel rays of light, as opposed to an image formed by the same rays that are passed through a cubic prism (assume that the amount of light that is reflected is negligible). The rays that pass through the prism will not be refracted since the angle of refraction = sin-1(sin(0)/n) = 0, or reflected, so the images will be exactly the same. More generally, if the rays enter and leave a prism at right angles (Assuming the rays only travels through one medium while passing through the prism), the only effect on the image will be the reflection of the rays off of its surfaces. Since the law of reflection I= -I’ (Angle of incidence equals the negative of the angle of reflection) is not effected by the medium, the effect of the prism will be same as that of reflective surfaces or mirrors placed in the same location as the reflective surfaces of the prism. It follows that to understand prisms it is important to understand how mirrors can be used to change the direction of rays. Mirror Location Problem 1: Consider the following example: A horizontal ray is required to undergo a 45Â º-angle change and this has to be achieved using a mirror. We need to find how the mirror should be oriented to achieve the desired change of angle. Solution: Recall the Snell’s law which deals with refraction: sinI0 /n0 = sinI1/n1 if we define the incoming and outgoing rays ray and the normal of the refractive surface as vectors and using a property of the cross-product we can say the following Q0xM1 = |Q0||M1| sinI0 = sinI0 and also Q1xM1 = |Q1||M1| sinI1 = sinI1 thus N0 (Q0xM1)= n1 (Q1xM1) If we introduce two new vectors S0 and S1 and let them equal n0 Q0 and n1Q1 respectively we will get S0x M1 = S1xM1 or (S1-S0)xM1 = 0 this implies that (S1-S0) are parallel or anti-parallel, which means that we can define a new variable Γ which is called the astigmatic constant with S1 – S0 = ΓM1 How is useful for solving our problem?

Vacant Chapter 11 Time

I drive and can't help that my emotions are all over the place. I'm angry because I've been living in exile from the one†¦ The one person who gives a shit whether I live or die†¦ I left her alone to fend for herself. I take my rage out on the steering wheel before pulling over; I need a minute to collect myself. Two minutes. Five†¦ It takes me half an hour before I'm calm enough to continue driving, but I rush because I want to get back to her. I want to touch her, be with her. I realize how fundamentally wrong I've been about my feelings for her. While I thought I was doing what was best for Emily, I never considered that I was really just protecting myself. I hadn't taken her feelings into account. I hadn't thought about what I was doing to her by leaving†¦and in the same accord, making her declaration of love, trivial. The anger fades and misery takes its place. I'm sad because I miss her. I need her more than air. I need air, and I need Emily. Air is so much easier. Before long, fear sets in. What if she isn't there when I get back? Why would she be? I left her by herself for six days after I swore I'd take care of her. I think about what I did as I continue down the lonely stretch of highway. I worked so hard to separate myself from the drama and emotions of everyday life realizing I haven't been living at all. I think of all the time I've wasted; all the time I could have been with her – been with her†¦ Her legs are bare and slender. I imagine what's just beyond the small rectangle of terry cloth. Her hair tickles the tops of her breasts, teasing me with what's just beyond the knot of the towel. One small flick and she'd be naked before me, her body as fantastic as I've always imagined. My foot pushes a little harder on the accelerator as my frustration builds. I'm tired and feeling the effects of driving ten hours straight. As I consider pulling over, the guilt seeps in again. I've already been away from her for too long. I can't stand to be apart from Emily any longer, but the seconds continue to tick by and I can't seem to get there fast enough. I push on, despite being a danger to others on the road due to my exhaustion. I see a gas station ahead, and force myself off the road and into the brightly lit convenience store. After hours of lonesome interstate travel, the intense glow of the fluorescent lights hurts my eyes, and only serves to remind me of the dim nature of my existence without Emily. I make quick work of refueling the car and myself and then rejoin the blacktop. Finally, finally, I see the mile marker indicating my journey is almost over, an hour to go before I'm back with Emily. Anxiety weighs heavily on me because I think I could have gotten here faster; what if she just left? What if she's been waiting for the last week and that was her limit? I shouldn't have left in the first place. I should have told her how I felt so we could be living a happily ever after. Regret won't change things, though. It doesn't serve any purpose now. I pass the city limits sign, and a smile spreads across my face. I'm happy and hopeful. A hundred and one scenarios play out in my head as to how Emily will react when she sees me. She throws open the screen door and rushes towards me. I catch her in my arms and spin her around. I tell her I love her and want to spend eternity with her. She smiles and says she wants the same thing†¦ We barely make it to the bedroom before I fully make her mine†¦ I open the door and call her name but no one answers. All her things are gone, and she's nowhere to be found†¦ As I make my way up the walk, she stops me and tells me she doesn't ever want to see me again. That I broke her heart and I'm a fuck-up she wants nothing to do with†¦ I'm brought out of my thoughts as a car horn blares behind me. Dawn has broken and there is slight traffic moving about. I'm not sure how long I've been sitting at the stop sign on the corner before the car behind me demands attention. It's now or never, and never isn't an option. I stand at the door, my door – her door – ready to knock. It occurs to me how odd this is; I'm about to knock on my own door. Suddenly, I'm embarrassed. I look down and my clothes are dirty and unkempt. I smell – it's been two days since I've cleaned up at all. How can I look her in the eye, kiss her lips, hug her body, when I look and smell like a homeless man? I am homeless, though. Without her, without her love and care and warm eyes, I'm a man with a heart that has no home. So I knock.

Education in Fredrick Douglass - 1886 Words

Nicole Blount Voices of America English Literature 229.1 February 28, 2011 The Irony of Education in â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† The power of education in â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is one of the most important themes in the entire work, but it is not a theme with a consistent meaning. Although Frederick Douglass understands that the only path to freedom, both for himself and fellow slaves, is through learning to read, write, and have an educational base to build on, he is at the same time disgusted with education because it causes him to understand the full extent of the horrors of slavery. At one point, he states, â€Å"It [education] opened my eyes to the horrible pit, but offered no ladder upon†¦show more content†¦It proved to be true and is played out as Douglass finally acts out violently. It is by far in the best interest of the slave owner to keep the slaves ignorant of concepts of freedom or education because it might not only make them wistful, and thoughtful, but by proxy, less useful to them as slaves. In order to keep slavery as a stable institution, it wa s important for many of the slave owners in the text to make educating a slave something that could be punished. Well-meaning slave owners were heavily criticized for assisting a slave in his or her education and the fact that it was illegal to teach a slave to read indicates the danger the white slave-owning establishment sees as inherent to education. In other words, by their fierce protection of the practices of education, the slave owners were admitting that through education there is some kind of freedom, some way of circumventing their absolute power. Frederick Douglass became the most successful abolitionist who changed America’s views of slavery through his writings and actions. Frederick Douglass had many achievements throughout his life. His Life as a slave had a great impact on his writings. His great oratory skills left the largest impact on Civil War time period literature. Overall, he was the best black speaker and writer ever. Illiteracy was an instrumental tool used to deprive slaves in an attempt to keep them ignorant and manageable duringShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass : The Greatest Gift Of Education998 Words   |  4 Pages Drawing upon Fredrick Douglass experience Fredrick Douglass had received the greatest gift of education overcoming these harsh obstacles with the true meaning of grit. As a slave Fredrick Douglass was not supposed to learn due to the fact that he wasn’t seen as a human. From his drive to learn Fredrick Douglass found out how this world is supposed to be for instance on how one person should treat another. Even from learning Fredrick Douglass still had the perception that he wasRead MoreFrederick Douglass : A Fugitive Slave And A Free Man1192 Words   |  5 PagesFredrick Douglass (1818-1945), both a fugitive slave and a free man, was one of the most courageous and influential leaders of the abolitionist movement. His narrative, published in 1845, illustrates his childhood and early manhood experiences as a salve, as well as his escape to the North and find of freedom. Within his narrative entitled â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass,† Douglass argues that in order to achieve physical freedom, a slave must seek knowledge and an education. InRead MoreHarriet Tubman And Frederick Douglass Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Harriet Tubman and Fredrick Douglass Harriet Tubman and Fredrick Douglass are renowned African America civil rights figures who escaped from slavery. The civil rights activists spent a significant time of their life fighting against slavery and advocating for social justice thus holding prominent ranks in the American history. There are similarities and differences in the lives of Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass. First, they were both born at the same time and into slavery. HarrietRead MoreSimilarities Between Frederick Douglas And Malcom X1321 Words   |  6 PagesFor some education is a foregone conclusion, particularly those who are wealthy and have means to attend an institution of higher learning. Education is not the sole purview of the wealthy, while having means provides a lower bar for entry, lack of means does not prevent one from enlightening the self. Such is the case for both Frederick Douglas and Malcom X, two men who enlightened themselves without access to the wealth that tethers education to tho se of the upper class. Hard work and determinationRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass s The Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass 983 Words   |  4 Pagesin the United States many slaves like Fredrick Douglass had to escape to fight for freedom. To become abolitionists. To expose the terror and cruelties that he faced from his owners and overseers as a slave wrote in the â€Å"Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass.† ​Being a slave was difficult from the beginning. In the case of Fredrick Douglass he was a product of unwanted love. He was born into slavery with no record or â€Å"accurate knowledge of age.†(Douglass) He was the son of Harriet Bailey, whoRead MoreSlave And Citizen : The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesCarter Britton December 5, 2016 HIUS 221 – 005 Dr. Jones ‘Slave and Citizen: The Life of Frederick Douglass’ In this book Fredrick Douglass finds shows himself growing up as a slave in Baltimore, Maryland. 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TheRead More Analysis Of Fredrick Douglass s If There Is No Struggle 1395 Words   |  6 PagesGrant Todd Mr. Sotak English 9 23 May, 2016 Activism within Fredrick Douglass â€Å"If there is no struggle, there is no progression,† is what Fredrick Douglass said during his speech at Canandaigua, New York During an event celebrating West Indian Emancipation Day (blackpast.org). This is saying that struggles and hardships need to happen to get anything accomplished. A lot of people today view Fredrick Douglass as a civil rights activist because the things he has achieved and the way he has positivelyRead MoreSocial And Social Impacts Of Slavery By Fredrick Douglass997 Words   |  4 PagesIn this book, Fredrick Douglass gives his own perspective of slavery and how it was being a slave. He describes different circumstances that involve social, economical, cultural and religious impacts due to slavery. 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Schizophrenia Disorder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2122 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Schizophrenia Essay Did you like this example? Introduction In the course of medical history, the association between physical and mental health remains a magnet for research. At the core of this interest is the essential role that mental health plays in promoting the physical well-being of individuals. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health is a state of wellbeing in which individuals are capable of coping with life stress and asserting themselves as productive members of a particular community (Nordqvist, 2017). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Schizophrenia Disorder" essay for you Create order In essence, an individual lacking this psychological wellbeing characterized by emotional, behavioral, or social normality perceivably has a mental disorder. Cockerham (2016) estimates that mental ailment constitutes about 10% of all diseases incidences globally. More so, assessments indicate that one in every four people is likely to suffer from a mental condition in their lifetime (Cockerham, 2016). These facts show that mental disorders are a significant challenge to sustainable global health. The most prevalent mental disorders include schizophrenia, dementia, epilepsy, depression, and bipolar disorders (Worku Shiferaw, 2014). This essay provides an in-depth analysis of the symptoms, prevalence, etiology, prognosis, and treatment of schizophrenia. It also offers a differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Schizophrenia poses a major threat to the physical and mental wellbeing of individuals across the world. Schizophrenia Symptoms Schizophrenia is one of the most chronic mental disorder attributed to impaired functionality in work, self-care, and in interpersonal relations. Rosenberg (2012) observes that as a persistent and often chronic disorder, schizophrenia affects behavior, thinking, and emotions of an individual. Symptoms of the disorder include positive and negative psychosis as well as cognitive effects. Positive symptoms begin at young adult years and include delusional thoughts, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts (Khan, Montanez, and Muly, 2013). Hallucinations refer to disturbances in sensory perception such as visual or auditory where one sees or hears things not perceived by others (Khan et al, 2013). Delusions such as paranoia may include a false personal belief not subject to reason or contrary to evidence leading to made-up beliefs like persecution, cheating, poisoning, or harassment (Khan et al, 2015). Negative symptoms can be understood as a reduction of what is usually commonly presen t in an individual. The symptoms include monotony in voice, immobility in facial expressions, lack of pressure, reduced quantity and quality of speech (Khan et al, 2013). Henceforth, a patient may appear as lazy and introverted. Lastly, cognitive damage affects memory and execution of functions leading to the failure to achieve expected personal, academic, or career goals (Rosenberg, 2012). As a result, people with schizophrenia may have a lower quality of life compared to the general population. Schizophrenia Prevalence Statistics reveal that schizophrenia constitutes a major disease burden across the globe. Schizophrenia ranks in the WHO assessment as the tenth most prevalent non-fatal disease in the world (Sie, 2011). According to the WHO, the disorder causes 1.1 percent of all total disability-adjusted life years and accounts for 2.8 percent of disability life years (Altamura et al., 2014). Barrow (2016) puts the number of schizophrenia patients in the world at 24 million. Global epidemiologic studies show that the disease incidence varies from between 0.11 to 0.69 per 1,000 while prevalence ranges from 0.6 to .08 percent (Altamura et al., 2014). Importantly, 98% of all reported schizophrenia cases affect individuals below the age of 40 (Altamura et al., 2014). Thus, statistically the risk of getting schizophrenia declines as an individual ages beyond forty years. For example, in Europe estimates indicate that over 5 million people suffer from schizophrenia while 1.5% to 3% of the all health expe nditure in developed countries healthcare goes to manage the disease (Altamura et al., 2014). Accordingly, the prevalence has a global reach that transcends the economic status of a country. Schizophrenia effects cuts across demographic divides. The disease is predominant in early adulthood. Sie (2011) observes the average commencement age for the ailments in men is 18 years and 25 for women. The ailment onset appears early in men compared to women and their symptoms are negative with worse outcomes and limited chances of recovery (Picchioni Murray, 2007). More so, studies reveal that the disorder rates are higher among people born in cities with risk increasing based on how long one dwells in an urban environment (Picchioni Murray, 2007). One study conducted in the UK disclosed that the disease affects more immigrants especially African-Caribbean individuals (Picchioni Murray, 2007). These facts reveal that though the illness is common among young people, it affects people across gender, race, and social status. Etiology of Schizophrenia The cause and risk factors of schizophrenia range from biological, psychosocial, cultural to the environment. Firstly, research suggests a genetic cause to the ailment though there is no attribution to a single gene Sie (2011). Therefore, facility history may explain transmission. Secondly, individuals experiencing excess complications in fetal life and at birth have a high tendency of developing the disorder (Khan et al, 2015). These incidences may link to complicated pregnancies, abnormality in fetal growth, or challenges during delivery. Research also shows a high predominance of babies born in winter and spring to get schizophrenia due to maternal respiratory infections or malnutrition (Khan et al, 2015). Thus, risk factors can predate birth. Secondly, old men with schizotypal personality are likely to father children with schizophrenia (Khan et al, 2015). Thirdly, schizophrenia is more common in urban poor localities (Khan et al, 2015). Fourthly, there is a high incidence for th e sickness among migrants non-white groups (Khan et al, 2015). Both the urban poor and migrant incidences may relate to lack of social support and discrimination that intensify vulnerability to the disease. Fifthly, evidence shows that persistent abuse of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, and methamphetamine can induce paranoid schizophrenia (Khan et al, 2015). The delusion and hallucination effect the drugs cause may explain the association with the disorder. Sixth, psychosocial adversities like physical and sexual abuse, bullying, and harassment increase risk of suffering schizophrenia later in life (Khan et al, 2015). Arguably, the genetic predisposition of schizophrenia may increase exposure to these social adversities. Course and Prognosis of Schizophrenia The disorder course has three stages namely premorbid, prodromic, and florid. The premorbid stage describes the period where a patient demonstrates relative normality before the onset of psychotic symptoms (Altamura et al., 2014). Indicators at this level may only include anxiety and depression (Altamura et al., 2014). Hence, it may be problematic to distinguish the signs from other syndromes to allow for early treatment. Premorbid affects 75% of patients, lasts for up to 5 years and results in psychosocial deficits (Altamura et al., 2014). Prodromic phase is identified by deteriorating global functioning as well as the emergence of psychosis. Symptoms include a reduction in functionality, concentration, and motivation as well as insomnia (Sie, 2011). One is likely to suffer severe long-term positive and negative symptoms if the diagnosis and treatment for the first episode are not timely (Sie, 2011). Thus, these two phases occur before the onset of the first episode of schizophrenia psychosis. Lastly, florid phase describes the emergence of the distinctive symptoms for the disorder. The phase between prodromic and florid lasts for about one year (Altamura et al., 2014). Prolonged duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) may lead to delayed remission, long hospitalization, recurrences, depression, suicides, and delinquency (Altamura et al., 2014). Consequently, intervention at the first stage of the illness may reduce DUP. Prognosis studies illustrate that 80 percent of patients who experience their first episode of psychosis will recover whereas recurrence is less than 20%. Thus, schizophrenia has a positive prognosis. Treatment for Schizophrenia There are varied methods of treating and managing schizophrenia. The two main methods of treating the disorder are antipsychotic medicine psychological. The first generation of treatments in the 1950s relied on antipsychotic drugs that worked by blocking the D2 dopamine receptors (Khan et al, 2013). These first-generation antipsychotics drugs such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine are effective against positive psychosis but have no effect on negative psychosis and cognitive impairment (Khan et al, 2013). Moreover, they have neurological side effects. The existence of the side effects contributed to the development of second-generation antipsychotics. The second generations antipsychotic include clozapine, risperidone, amisulpride, and aripiprazole all with the same efficacy as their predecessors (Khan et al, 2013). Majority of them act on more receptors such as serotonin and cholinergic (Khan et al, 2013). The new generation of antipsychotics is inspired by lack of drugs that are va luable for negative and cognitive symptoms. These new drugs such as xanomeline targets non-dopamine neurotransmitter systems (Khan et al, 2013). Consequently, the evolution of schizophrenia drugs resulted from the need to act beyond the dopamine system while overcoming variation in symptoms. Several psychological treatments help manage symptoms, improve functioning and prevent psychosis relapse in schizophrenia patients. Firstly, empirical review demonstrates that cognitive behavior therapy can reduce the persistence of the ailment. Medical guidelines recommend about 10 therapy sessions over a period of three months (Picchioni Murray, 2007). Secondly, family therapy can also support patients and their caregivers. Family therapy enhances communication with family members while reducing distress and symptoms (Picchioni Murray, 2007). Finally, reviews allude to the benefits of psycho-education reducing relapse and readmission (Picchioni Murray, 2007). Though the methods require a trained therapist, they can help bolster the outcomes of drug treatment. Differential Diagnosis for Schizophrenia Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can be considered in the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia. Kokurcan and Atbasoglu (2016) maintain that mild autistic disorder if not diagnosed at childhood can appear as psychiatric syndromes such as mood and psychosis during adulthood. For that reason, behavioral symptoms can be a manifestation of ASD rather than psychosis disorders. Symptoms shared by schizophrenia and ASD include disorganization, excitation, and social adaptation challenge (Kokurcan Atbasoglu, 2016). More so, the two conditions share a commonality in inadequate social interactions and communication (Kokurcan Atbasoglu, 2016). Social withdraw due to discrimination can also be common between the two. While disorganization in schizophrenia has a more constant course in most behaviors, it does not depict a ritualistic pattern in the case of ASD (Kokurcan Atbasoglu, 2016). Individuals who show special interest in a specific issue and know everything about it may have ASD rather than psychotic disorder (Kokurcan Atbasoglu, 2016). Moreover, ASD patients show social communication difficulty with low anxiety while schizophrenic people have paranoid delusions and high social anxiety (Kokurcan Atbasoglu, 2016). Consequently, it is essential to evaluate behavioral attributes to differentiate between the two disorders to avoid comorbid diagnosis. Conclusion In summary, it emerges that schizophrenia is a major threat to the mental health in the society. Individuals suffering from the disorder are likely to be dysfunctional and unproductive in their personal and social life due to the psychosis symptoms. The prevalence of the disease reveals that the disease is not only common globally but also affects people across age, gender, and race. However, the incidences display the need to reduce the risk factors among men, youth, and poor non-Caucasian urban dwellers. Based on the etiology, it is hard to prevent genetic schizophrenia but proper management of pregnancies and delivery can reduce the early life disorder. Besides, offering social support for marginalized groups and controlling social factors like drug and physical abuse may prevent the illness. Prognosis shows that intervention to prevent prolonged duration of untreated psychosis may reduce chronic cases of admission, recurrence, or relapses. Although past treatment relied on antips ychotic drugs working on the dopamine system, current medicine targets more neurotransmitters. Increasingly, modern drugs must not only reduce side effects but also work on negative and cognitive symptoms. Moreover, psychological methods such as therapies can better alleviate the suffering of patients and their families during medication. Progressively, misdiagnosis of schizophrenia can be avoided through differential diagnosis of related diseases such as Autism Spectrum Disorder. References Altamura, C., Fagiolini, A., Galderisi, S., Rocca, P., Rossi, A. (2014). Schizophrenia today: Epidemiology, diagnosis, course, and models of care. Journal of Psychopathology, 20, 223-243. Barrow, L. F. (2016). Factors that influence access to mental health care service: The perspective of service users and the community in western 2 health region of the Gambia (Unpublished Masters thesis). University of Oslo, Norway. Cockerham, W. C. (2016). Sociology of mental disorder. Oxfordshire, U.K: Taylor Francis. Khan, R. S., Sommer, I. E., Murray, R., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Weinberger, D.R., Cannon, T. D., Insel, T.R. 2015. Schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Disease Premiers, 1, (15067). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.67. Kokurcan, A., Atbaolu, E. C. (2015). Differential diagnosis of schizophrenia: Psychotic symptoms in neurodevelopmental disorders and psychotic disorders due to other medical Conditions. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26(4), 279-290. Nordqvist, C. 24 August 2017. What is mental health? Medical News Today. Retrieved from: Accessed 17 December 2018. Picchioni, M.M., Murray, R.M. 2007. Schizophrenia. Br. Medical Journal. 335(7610): 91-95. Rosenberg, M. (2012). Diagnosis, treatment options, and the costs of schizophrenia. Journal of Managed Care Medicine, 3, 10-15. Sie, M. (2011). Clinical focus-schizophrenia: Clinical features and diagnosis. Clinical Pharmacist, 3(2), 41-43. Khan, Z., Martin-Monta? ±ez, E., Chris Muly, E. (2013). Schizophrenia: Causes and treatments. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 19(36), 6451-6461. Worku, B. N., Shiferaw, S. (2014). Trends and possible causes of mental illness: The case of psychiatry ward in Jima University specialized hospital, Ethiopia. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 10(29), 308-316.